(JTA) – Three recent surveys of American, Israeli and French Jews commissioned by the American Jewish Committee revealed that there is more that unites the Diaspora and Israeli Jewish communities than divides them.

Most Jews feel an affinity for each other and for the State of Israel, support a strong Jewish Diaspora and even have similar feelings about the merits of a two-state solution between Israel and Palestinians.

However, President Donald Trump and his Israel policies remain as contentious as ever, with Israelis feeling much warmer toward him than American Jews.

Jewish values – and the value of being Jewish

Asked how important being Jewish is in their lives, 51 percent of Israeli Jews responded that it was “most important” and 34 percent said it was “very important.” Just 8 percent said it was “not too” or “not at all” important.

Responses among American and French Jews were more divided, with 41 percent and 33 percent, respectively, saying that being Jewish is “very important” in their lives, 35 percent and 32 percent saying it is “somewhat important,” and 24 percent and 32 percent saying it was “not too” or “not at all” important.

A plurality of all Jews surveyed responded that Judaism is mostly a “matter of ethnicity and culture” rather than “mostly religion.” Fifty-nine percent of American Jews, 51 percent of Israeli Jews and 43 percent of French Jews concurred, with approximately one-quarter of each group responding that Judaism is instead “more a matter of religion.”

The importance of Israel

Most American and French Jews (62 percent and 59 percent) agree “strongly” or “somewhat” that caring about Israel is a “very important part of my being a Jew,” while 15 percent and 18 percent “disagree strongly.” For their part, 50 percent of Israeli Jews responded that “living in Israel is a very important part of my being a Jew.”

But on whether or not Israel is personally meaningful, the vast majority of American and Israeli Jews surveyed “think that a thriving State of Israel is vital for the long-term future of the Jewish people,” with 72 and 91 percent concurring.

Jews lukewarm toward two states

The same percentage of American and Israeli Jews (33 percent) “strongly oppose a two-state solution through the establishment of a demilitarized Palestinian state on the West Bank,” while 12 percent of American Jews and 18 percent of Israeli Jews oppose it “somewhat.”

Thirty-nine percent of Israeli Jews, and 26 percent of American Jews, favor a two-state approach “strongly or somewhat.”

Younger and haredi Orthodox Jews, two groups that generally lean right politically, were the biggest opponents of a two-state solution, with 42.4 percent and 56.8 percent strongly opposed.

It is unclear how those Israelis who do support a two-state approach would like that to happen in practice, given that 50 percent of Israel Jews surveyed say they are unwilling to dismantle any Jewish settlements in the West Bank.

When it comes to Diaspora Jews acting on their opinions about Israel, majorities of Israeli Jews (63.4 percent) and American Jews (57 percent) believe it is inappropriate “for American Jews to attempt to influence Israeli policy on such issues as national security and peace negotiations with the Palestinians.”

Asked to think about their relationship to other Jewish communities in terms of a family bond, 31 percent of Israeli Jews consider American Jews siblings and 50 percent consider them either first cousins or extended family.

Those sentiments aren’t returned quite as warmly across the pond, with only 13 percent of American Jews feeling the sibling bond, 58 percent considering Israeli Jews extended family or first cousins, and 28 percent not considering them part of their family at all. Thirty-one percent of French Jews, for their part, consider Israeli Jews siblings, and just 16 percent say they’re not part of the family at all.

These sentiments may be explained in large part by the finding that 44 percent of Israeli Jews have actual “family to whom they feel close” in the United States, while only 28 percent of American Jews report having the same in Israel. Forty-eight percent of French Jews have family to whom they feel close in Israel, and 25 percent report owning a residence there.    

It’s also worth noting that distance may not make the heart grow fonder: Over half of Israeli and American Jews (52 and 59 percent) have never visited their respective countries, while only 35 percent of French Jews have not visited Israel.

The state of the Diaspora

The majority of all Jews surveyed, including 74 percent of Israeli Jews, believe that “a thriving Diaspora is vital for the long-term future of the Jewish people.”

Whether or not that Diaspora feels it is actually thriving is less clear. Most American Jews (65 percent) and French Jews (50 percent) feel that the status of Jews is less secure in their country than it was a year ago. Fifty-seven percent of American Jews also report feeling that “the climate on campus” is “more hostile” toward pro-Israel students.

Most French Jews (60 percent) believe that Jews have a future in France, while 29 percent say Jews should leave. Most French Jews (56 percent) believe their country is not effectively combating anti-Semitism, and 33 percent have personally experienced anti-Semitism “several times.” Seventeen percent of French Jews have “seriously considered” emigrating “because of fear for the future of Jews in France.”

How Jews feel about U.S. politics and Trump

Forty-nine percent of American Jews consider themselves Democrats, while 18 percent say they are Republicans. Twenty-six percent of Jews have a favorable opinion of the job President Trump is doing and 71 percent disapprove, the same figures as those found in AJC’s 2018 survey.

Though the sample sizes for the following subgroups are small and should be taken with a spoonful of salt, it is worth noting that the vast majority of Republican Jews (91 percent) and haredi Jews (88 percent) approve of the job Trump is doing, while 50 percent of Modern Orthodox Jews, 69 percent of Conservative Jews, 82 percent of Reform Jews, 89 percent of Reconstructionist Jews and 90 percent of secular Jews, in contrast, disapprove.

When it comes to Trump’s handling of Israel, Israeli men are the biggest fans, with 56.4 percent approving strongly of the job he is doing. Just 39 percent of Israeli women and 22 percent of American Jews agree – and 45 percent of American Jews “disagree strongly.” Half of American Jews  support “the recent American recognition of the Golan Heights as Israeli territory” and 39 percent oppose the move.

The 2019 survey of Israeli Jews was conducted April 10-17 by Geocartography and included 1,000 telephone interviews. SSRS conducted the survey of American Jews from April 10 to May 17 and included 1,006 telephone interviews. Ifop ran the survey of French Jews from March 11 to May 2 using 771 telephone and face-to-face interviews. The respective margins of error are 3.1 percent, 4.1 percent and 2.1 percent.

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