In February, the world’s attention was focused on Covid-19 experimental drugs. By April, with the worldwide vaccine campaign in full swing, Covid treatments didn’t seem important anymore.

Now that we know the virus isn’t going away despite vaccines, Covid drugs are back on the front burner.

Covid therapeutics was done. Everyone thought it was over because the vaccines were working well. And then Delta came along,” says Shai Novik, executive chairman of Enlivex Therapeutics.

Novik says that the large number of unvaccinated people in the world “creates a playing field for mutations,” currently the Delta (Indian) and Delta-plus variants.

That means there’s an urgent need for “a slew of therapeutics for mild, moderate, severe and critical cases of Covid-19,” he tells ISRAEL21c, explaining that not every patient responds the same, and different levels of illness require different drugs or drug combinations.

Here we report on the progress of three promising Israeli drug candidates for treating Covid-19. One is given intravenously; one is swallowed as a pill; and one is inhaled.

Allocetra by Enlivex Therapeutics

Allocetra  is an immunotherapy drug candidate that reprograms malfunctioning immune cells called macrophages.

It’s based on the research of Enlivex chief scientific and medical officer Dr. Dror Mevorach, chief of internal medicine at Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center in Jerusalem and head of one of its coronavirus units.

Allocetra is given once by an IV infusion to severe or critical patients in the hospital.

“To date, we’ve treated 10 critical and 11 severe Covid-19 patients,” says Novik.

“The results were encouraging. We did not see any issue with safety and tolerability. Nineteen of the 21 patients were released from the hospital in 5.6 days, on average, after receiving our drug product — less time than you’d expect at this level of illness.”

Enlivex now is initiating a Phase IIb randomized, controlled study of 152 patients in Israel and Europe, half getting Allocetra and half a placebo.

“The objective is to get final clarity and confirmation of whether our drug product is as effective as we think it is in severe and critical patients. The study has an endpoint for each type of patient,” Novik says.

“Assuming the data will be supportive, we will use it to try getting regulatory approval in various locations to get it on the market.”

Novik explains that Allocetra does not target the virus. “It targets the side effect of the virus: organ failure, typically in the lungs, associated with Covid-19. It’s agnostic to the strain of the variant, which could be Delta today, Epsilon tomorrow.”

Allocetra is specific to severe and critical patients, he emphasizes.

“Some of the antibodies approved for use in the US were taken from the plasma of recovered patients or developed in the lab. These were mostly given to moderate patients who didn’t already have organ failure but had a high quantity of virus in their system,” says Novik.

“Sicker patients have little virus left in the body; they’ve developed other serious issues. If approved, our therapy would be like shooting with a tank instead of a rifle.”

Opaganib by RedHill Biopharma

Opaganib is being evaluated as an oral drug with antiviral and anti-inflammatory actions to treat severe Covid-19 pneumonia.

A Phase II/III study involving 475 patients on several continents was completed on July 19. RedHill COO Gilead Raday tells ISRAEL21c that the findings will be available soon pending data accumulation and analysis.

Shaare Zedek Medical Center in Jerusalem gave the drug candidate to 23 patients on a compassionate use basis in April and May 2020 and compared outcomes to control patients. Results, published in the Journal of Emerging Diseases and Virology, were encouraging though anecdotal.

“All the patients showed improvement across several clinical parameters and biomarkers,” says Raday. “There were zero events of mechanical intubation and ventilation, while a third of the control patients did have to be intubated and ventilated. The patients treated with our product also improved in terms of oxygen requirement, lymphocyte count and other inflammatory markers.”

A Phase II study of opaganib in 40 American hospital patients demonstrated consistent benefit compared to those on drugs such as remdesivir and helped them to be discharged faster, he adds.

Because opaganib doesn’t act on the spike protein of the coronavirus, but rather on a mechanism the virus uses in the body to replicate and spread, “we think it will continue to be effective against Delta and any future variants with differences in the spike protein,” says Raday.

An oral pill is easy to distribute and administer to non-hospitalized patients, which describes most of the Covid patients around the world, he points out.

“Experts are now focusing on oral therapy for outpatients early in the diagnosis of the disease to prevent deterioration and hospitalization,” Raday says.

The drug’s ability to inhibit virus replication is potentially helpful at early stages of Covid-19, while its anti-inflammatory ability to reduce the hyperimmune response is potentially helpful in later stages, he explains.

“If our global Phase II/III studies confirm or replicate the results we saw in compassionate use and Phase II studies, opaganib would be a gamechanger in treating Covid-19. The pill could be broadly implemented to patients in various stages of disease.”

RedHill Biopharma also has a second oral pill candidate, with a different antiviral mechanism, under investigation for treating Covid-19 patients.

EXO-CD24

EXO-CD24, an experimental inhaled medication developed by Prof. Nadir Arber at Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, is designed to stop the “cytokine storm” that occurs in the lungs of 5-7% of Covid-19 patients.

A cytokine storm is when the immune system goes haywire and starts attacking healthy cells with an overabundance of cytokine cells, which normally control the growth and activity of other immune system cells.

Results of a Phase I trial released last February showed all 30 patients treated with EXO-CD24 recovered, 29 of them leaving the hospital within three to five days of treatment.

On August 5, the medical center reported that 93% of 90 serious Covid-19 patients, treated in several Greek hospitals with EXO-CD24 as part of a Phase II clinical trial, were discharged within five days.

No significant side effects were seen in patients in the Phase I or II trials, probably because EXO-CD24 is delivered directly to the lungs.

“The preparation is given by inhalation, once a day for only a few minutes, for five days,” said Dr. Shiran Shapira, director of Arber’s laboratory, which studies the CD24 protein and its role in regulating the immune system.

“The drug is based on exosomes, [vesicles] that are released from the cell membrane and used for intercellular communication. We enrich the exosomes with CD24, a protein expressed on the surface of the cell,” explained Shapira.

Arber describes EXO-CD24 as a precision medication because it targets only the mechanism involved in cytokine storms. It does not affect the entire immune system, as steroids do.

The drug now goes into Phase III controlled studies involving 155 Covid-19 patients in Israel. Two-thirds will receive EXO-CD24, while the remaining one-third will get a placebo. This study is expected to be completed by the end of 2021.

“Even if the vaccines perform their function, and even if no new mutations are produced, then still in one way or another the corona will remain with us,” said Arber, director of the medical center’s Integrated Cancer Prevention Center.